요가 인증 - 당신이 알아야 할

를 얻기도 쉬운 요가 보증은되지 않습니다. 결국, 전체의 품질을 보장하기 위해 이유 및 국제 인증 자격 인증은 의미를 상실하면 모든 작은 수준의 잠재적인 능력과 요가 강사가 의심되는 학교의 정원이 승인합니다. 인증 기준에 상처가 가난한 학생은 결국 부적 절한 기술과로 인해 부상과 연결되는 수도의 학생 돈을 찾아가는되지 않습니다 가치가 확실합니다.

요가 열풍과 함께 동행 청소는 세계에서 고대의 연습이 시작됐다 인도의 근거가되는 공동 - 게재로 업계의 멀티 - 억 달러. 결국 미국에서만 단지 지출을 초과하는 사람들이 1 년에 30 억 달러에 요가 장비 및 관련 요가 클래스를합니다.

그게 무슨 큰 놀라움 그 최소한의 지식이 많은 양의 연습에만 사람들이 요가를 한 조각으로 친구와 대화를하려고 시도하는 작업합니다. 이 문제의 결과로 수많은 종류의 학교 또는 학교 mcyoga 요가가 낮은 품질이 너무 많은처럼 솟아납니다 여드름이 얼굴을 전국에 10 대합니다.

개업의 욕망이 신성과 고대는 어떤 학교는 합법적인 연습을하고 있고, 어느 배우들이 자신의 연습이 필요 요가 피하는 인증이 연속적으로 이어졌다.

공인 요가 학교

요가 인증 공식적인 몸 자체가 차별 고도 정렬합니다. 일부는 결국 특정 학교가 특정 유형의 요가 교육, 예를 들면. 일각에서는 한 사람을 표시하는 방법을 깊이 연구는 요가 도움이 될 최고의 인증 기관의 유형에 도움이 필요한 사람은 관심을 요가

당신은 또한 인증 그룹을 찾아 요가가있는 일반적인 관행 요가 예를 들면, 미국이 동맹 관계에 도움을 줄 수도 적절하게 인정하는 학교를 찾습니다 어떠한 형식이나 요가에 귀하의 지역합니다.

학교를 검색할 때 또는 강사의 요가 요가, 항상 진행과 같은 예방 조치가 일반적으로 ~ 만약 당신이 생각하고있다면 다른 학교에 참석합니다. 요가 지속적으로 검사하고 다시 인증해야한다고합니다. 만일 특정 학교가 인증, 인증을 항상 연구에 더 많은 일을합니다.

요가 보증에 해당하는 이미 일부 인터넷에서 구입할 수있는 진정한 보증을하지 않고도 모든 강사의 능력이나 학교에서 어떤 종류의 품질합니다. 자신의 건강뿐만 아니라 때 자신의 개인 돈이 경각에 달려하실 수있습니다 가져 보지 못한 성공을 보장하기위한 예방 조치 결과가 너무 많습니다.

자주을 알게됩니다 관행에 해당하는 이미 일부 강사가 특정 형태의 요가를 주장하는 그들은 자신들의 주장을 생성합니다. 아마도 그것은 그 같은 관행이 유형의 인증을 받는다 요가 요가 관행 동방 정교회 어떠한 공식적인 육체가 증명합니다.

사람이있을 수있습니다에도 불구하고 일부 교원과 그들의 특별한 장점을 제공하는 실제 시스템, 그것은 분별하기 어려울 수있습니다 많은 다른 사람들이 간단하게 hucksters대로 어느 누구 결국 자신의 시스템을 만든 주장하는 닷지 수 있도록 질문을 보증 합니다.

그는 그의 통찰력을 공유 korbin 들어 newlyn 저자 및 열성적인 작가로서 전문 분야의 건강합니다. 자세히보기로 이동하려는 경우 요가 교실에서 조언과 파워 요가 팁.

게시 밑에 교육을 2008년 9월 7일 일요일 오전 12시에서 westwing888

기자 회견을 palin은 아직 사라

뒤집기 때 한 사람을 통해 볼 수 없게됩니다 텔레비젼은 palin합니다. 참조 : 빌 클린턴 파업으로 설정 맥케 인이 아니라 palin
게시 밑에 특집 뉴스 2008년 9월 6일가 토요일에 의해 carhub에서 오후 9시 21분

티켓을 공화당의 서양 데뷔

- 서양 공화당 티켓의 모든 영역에 데뷔, 그림 리셉션에서 보수적인 군중 활발합니다.
게시 밑에 특집 뉴스 2008년 9월 6일가 토요일에 의해 carhub에서 오후 9시 13분

매케인 상승,하지만 약간의 오바 마가 납

슬림 리드를 유지하고 매케인 오바 마의 첫번째 투표 실시, 적어도 일부를 다음 rnc합니다.
게시 밑에 특집 뉴스 2008년 9월 6일가 토요일에 의해 carhub에서 오후 8시 56분

오바 마의 인기는 첫 번째 하드 palin

그의 첫 직접적으로 삼은 공화당 부통령 지명을 강타합니다.
게시 밑에 특집 뉴스 2008년 9월 6일가 토요일에 의해 carhub에서 오후 5시 40분

일요일 토크 쇼 팁 상세 정보

둘 다 대선 후보 앉아 인터뷰하고, 열망을 캡처하는 일부 포스트 - 컨벤션을 보여주고있습니다.
게시 밑에 특집 뉴스 2008년 9월 6일가 토요일에 의해 carhub에서 오후 2시 11분

언론의 홍수 영역으로 알래스카 지루했다

통화 내용은 미디어에 어떤 이들은 그들이 멈추는 wasilla 자랑하고, 대부분의 관심은 증오로 보인다.
게시 밑에 특집 뉴스 2008년 9월 6일에 의해 오전 10시 53분가 토요일에 carhub

유명 인사의 주 따옴표

밑에 :

단어를 워드 8월 15일

    "나는 항상 사립 학교에 간 - 은행 스트리트 초, 중, 콜롬비아 준비 - 그래서는 나 같은 사람에 둘러싸여합니다. 그리 많은 아프리카 - 미국, 그러나 특권을합니다. 난 그다지에 대한 연결을 다른 사람이 없었어요 내 라이프 스타일합니다. 그렇지만 내 아버지는 자신의 지역 사회에서 매우으로 필라델피아에서 사람들을 돕는합니다. "- 빌 코스비의 딸 evin에게 매체 꺼내합니다.

    게티 이미지를

    "그건 너무 슬픈 아이작 헤이즈를 듣고있습니다. 그래서 그의 음악 작곡 고급 및 시간, 그는 너무 많은 사랑과 평가를 받고있습니다. 그는 아프리카계 미국인의 영원한 투쟁의 상징이 사람과이의 영혼의 빛나는 모범을 노력하고있습니다. 하느님의 축복이 ... 하나님의 축복과 축복 아이작 헤이스합니다. "프랭클린 (Aretha 프랭클린

    게티

    "나는이 방법이 블로거를 세 번 임신을합니다. 나는 내 인생의 임신을 본 적이있습니다. (그리고) 아무것도 내 개인적인 삶에서 일어나는 것은 개인합니다. 나는 진짜로 결코 아무것도 밖합니다. 아무도는 정말 알려진 사람 난 ve 일자합니다. "캐시에게 복잡한 매거진에 대한 연구 식사와 가수는 소문, 그녀와 p. diddy가 아닌 항목을 주장합니다.

    wireimage

    "나는 내 이름을 변경하기 때문에 마스터합니다. p는 누구 나도 예전엔합니다.라고 부르는데 내 어린 시절, 그리고 p. 밀러가 마크 내 청춘을 ... 사람들은 정신적으로, 영적으로 성장하는 인생 경험을 통해합니다."- 퍼시 밀러 (일명 마스터 p.)

    "나는 매우 잘하고있습니다. 기분이 정말 좋은 ... 전 직원 감사합니다 '엘비스 프레슬리'와 아주 많은 덕분에 나의 많은 음 - wishers합니다. 그것을 알고의 위대한 사람들이 걱정하고 있어요."- 모건 프리먼

    게티

    "나는 동성애를 혐오없습니다. 난 이제 더이상 게이 배셔합니다. 아무 말도 할 수 없었는 부정적이나 악의적인 경멸합니다. 전 절대 상업적인면을 불쾌하게 갈 줄 알았는데 아무도합니다."미스터 영국 스니커 스는 막대에 응답 t 의혹을 상업을 쐈다는 동성애를 혐오합니다.

    "나는 우리가 뛰어난 후보 생각합니다. 우리는 지금의 부담을 완전히 등록과 투표합니다. 아직 6-8000000 흑인 아마 등록되지 않은 사람은 절대 놓치지이 시간,이 기회를합니다. 이제 우리는 누구 초점을하자 뭐라 고요. "목사 제시 잭슨에게 본질 매거진합니다.

    "누구 최장 섹스를 수도, 난 생각하는 건 이벤트 인치 그리고 아마도 그 사람을 잘 할 수있을 수 있으면 최장을합니다."- 사 diddy 말한다 농담 올림픽 이벤트에 대한 그의 약속합니다.

    게티

    "이것은 1968 년 체코 슬로바키아 침공을 위협할 수있는 러시아의 이웃, 점령하는 자본, 정부의 타도와 도망갈 수 없다는 걸. 상황이 바뀌합니다."콘돌리자 라이스 국무 장관은 그루지야 - 러시아 갈등을합니다.

    아태지역

soke.flace ( 'bv - 뉴스 - 스포츠 - word_for_word', '456 ', '650'); 변수 uid = 새 날짜 (). gettime (); 변수 flashproxy = 새로운 flashproxy (uid, '@. aolcdn.com / _media / modtools / kit_swfpublisher_javascriptflashgateway.swf '); 변수 flashVars 메커니즘 = (); 시도 (flashvars.lcid = uid;) 캐치 (실) (); 시도 (flashvars.outlet_w = '456';) 캐치 (주식 : ) (); 시도 (flashvars.outlet_h = '650 ';) 캐치 (실) (); 시도 (flashvars.targetdivid ='bv - 뉴스 - 스포츠 - word_for_word ';) 캐치 (실) (); 시도 (flashVars 메커니즘합니다. targetads = 'bv - 뉴스 - 스포츠 - word_for_word';) 캐치 (실) (); 시도 (flashvars.omniture_tracker = '0 ';) 캐치 (실) (); 시도 (flashvars.adrefresh_wrapper = '1';) 캐치 (실) (); 시도 (flashvars.appswfurl = soke.fv ( 'http://xml.channel.aol.com/xmlpublisher/fetch.v2.xml?option=expand_relative_urls&dataurlnodes=uiconfig, feedconfig, 항목 및 번호 = 257733 & pid = 257732 & uts =1220636360'); } catch (Exc) { }; if (typeof(screen_name) != 'undefined') try { flashvars.userName = screen_name; } catch (Exc) { }; var params = {}; try { params .wmode = 'opaque'; } catch (Exc) { }; try { params.quality = 'high'; } catch (Exc) { }; try { params.allowscriptaccess = 'always'; } catch (Exc) { } ; var attributes = {}; try { attributes.id = 'outlet'; } catch (Exc) { }; top.exd_space.refresher.ads2Refresh(new Array( 'bv-news-sports-word_for_word', new Array(' 93239401', '300', '250', '0') )); top.exd_space.refresher.mmx('bv-news-sports-word_for_word', 'http://www.aolcdn.com/_media/channels /ke_blank.html', ''); swfobject.embedSWF('http://cdn.channel.aol.com/cs_feed_v1_6/csfeedwrapper.swf', 'bv-news-sports-word_for_word-swf', '456', '650', '8.0.0', 'http://www.aolcdn.com/ke/swfobject/expressinstall.swf', flashvars, params, attributes); top.exd_space.refresher.launcher( 'bv-news- sports-word_for_word',{ CSS_Title:[''], CSS_Caption:[''], CSS_Disclaimer:[''], CSS_Container:[''], CSS_PhotoWell:[''], CSS_Buttons:[''], CSS_BtnOver: [''] } );

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SPONSORED BY: BOLD MOVES: THE FUTURE OF FORD Step behind the curtain at Ford Motor. Experience the documentary first-hand.

Posted under Featured News by carhub on Saturday 6 September 2008 at 6:00 am

Did McCain crash five planes?

No. Chain e-mails and Internet postings that make that claim are mistaken. And the Navy commended his piloting skills.
Posted under Featured News by carhub on Saturday 6 September 2008 at 3:39 am

FactChecking McCain

He made some flubs in accepting the nomination.
Posted under Featured News by carhub on Saturday 6 September 2008 at 3:39 am

The Party’s Over

But the false claims and inaccuracies live to fight another day on the campaign trail.
Posted under Featured News by carhub on Saturday 6 September 2008 at 3:39 am

Crowds turn out for Palin (and McCain too)

Wisconsin and Michigan women throng to catch a glimpse of the vice presidential candidate, not to mention her running mate.
Posted under Featured News by carhub on Saturday 6 September 2008 at 1:00 am

Global Studies on Climate Change

Climate change is an issue that is currently alarming scientists. The factors affecting global changes are carefully studied by famous scientists around the globe.

Climate change is a significant weather change of a given region. Also called global warming, it increases the average temperature measurement of the Earth’s surface. This involves changes in the atmosphere over durations to millions of years. It is caused by external forces, dynamic processes and human activities. Temperature, wind patterns and precipitation are the average weather alterations of climate change.

Negotiators on climate change like Dr. Adger from East Anglia Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research and University noted that the 7th Conference of Parties (COP7) in Morocco focused mainly on the reduction of emission targets so as to prevent climate change. Negotiators are the ones who help and spread a global coalition in order to cope with the changes. Different studies and research conducted by scientists suggested and has even proven to take an action on this matter.

In the Middle East, a new research regarding an Australian climate states that the rainfall in key regions will be higher than usual. The intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (PCC) projected that the storm activity would decline on the eastern Mediterranean for this century. This is as global warming continues to emerge. Results are based on climate changes on global modeling which tends to affect a smaller-scale region and needs to compare with other models.

Hence, BBSRC-supported Rothamsted Research has shown that the peach potato aphid of the United Kingdom is deemed to rise to about 1 degree on the temperature during the months of January and February. Aphids can be important indicators of climate change since they can cause damage to crops, weaken the plants, and even spread viruses. UK scientists have provided knowledge on the consequences so that other countries will adapt their studies for further development.

A study also reported on the July 2008 issue of Geophysical Research Letters describes a new evaluation method. This pertains to the frequency of present and future tropical climates as well as hurricane information. Computer models are used in representing hurricane features. However, hurricane activity predictions have casted doubts. Computer simulations also show that there is an increase in ocean temperature, allowing hurricanes to become formed easily with rapid motion. This also states that in warmer environments, hurricanes have become stronger.

A successful series of measurements in the Artic waters, set by the German Research Vessel Polarsten, has proven capabilities of an ice breaking problem. This is in order to support data on long-term two series research measurements.

Last August 10, the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research of Helmholtz Association entered Iceland. In this research, an icebreaker is mentioned to be the possible means of changed in the measurements of temperature, salinity and currents up to the surface.

Dr. Agnieszka Beszczynska- Moller, an Alfred Wegener Institute oceanographer, says that the Atlantic water’s temperature has slightly decreased as compared to that of year 2006. Researchers has even observed that the Fram Strait temperature has risen to about 1, 1 Celcius since 1997 and onwards. Their monitoring sheets included the changes of physical environments and the seafloor entry of nutrients.

Researchers also want to get seismic data for a good understanding of the development. This is with regards to its tectonic interface in between the East Siberian shelf and the Mendeleev Ridge. Canadian and American researchers will also be doing similar measurements in the Northern Polar Sea.

Furthermore, at the Ecological society of America (ESA) 93rd Annual Meeting, scientists discussed the temperature-induced loss of habitats which can lead to disasters to living things. Project models on climate changes showcase a suffering effect of dry condition.

Thus, scientists have pointed out that the physical changes in our atmosphere such as sea level rise, melting polar ice caps, and storms are the main indicators of global warming. Climate change has a terrible impact on the entire ecosystem. This is the reason why developing countries continue to do research and study on how they can save habitats of different species. There are also private institutions and government entities that gather potential information, focusing on the alarming situation of the Earth’s atmosphere.

For more information on Current Science Events please visit our website.

Posted under World Affairs by DavidH. on Saturday 6 September 2008 at 12:21 am

Is Darwinian-Style Evolution a Scientific Fact?

The word evolution has many meanings, but only one is testable, repeatable and observable. In other words, only one of the many definitions of the word evolution is a scientific fact.

This observable type of evolution is not Darwinian or Neo-Darwinian evolution. I will discuss that one form of evolution that is validated by real science later in this article.

Darwinian or Neo-Darwinian-style evolution would be one kind of plant or animal changing into a different kind of plant or animal. This has never been observed to have occurred within living plants or animals.

Never!

The fossil record, despite a handful of dubious and fraudulent claims to the contrary, does not support any form of Darwinian evolution either. Darwinian-style change would require that nature be able to add massive amounts of new and beneficial genetic information to already existing gene pools. This would be the addition of the types and amounts of new and beneficial genetic data that would cause one kind of being, let us say a dog, to evolve into a completely different type of creature, such as a pig, for example.

The addition of the required new and beneficial genetic data has proven to be yet another major problem for Darwinian-style change. If Darwinism had actually taken place scientists should have no trouble showing a million easily identifiable examples of nature adding new and beneficial genetic information to pre-existing gene pools.

However, as of this writing, and after literally millions of observed scientific experiments, Darwinists can show no viable example, not even one, of nature adding appreciable amounts of new and beneficial genetic information to a plant or animal gene pool.

Not even one!

The only meaning for the word evolution which actually is testable, repeatable and observable is Micro-evolution. Since the word evolution is generally thought to mean Darwinian-style change, it is best to remove the confusing term and refer to these observable changes as Micro-adaptations. These are simply changes within the same kind of plant or animal. For example, a brown dog giving birth to a yellow puppy.

Micro-adaptation is a dog birthing a dog or a finch hatching a finch, although there can be a wide variation within a particular kind. Dogs will only bring forth after their kind. And finches will only beget finches.

This is what Darwin observed on the Galapagos Islands: finches bringing forth finches displaying some different adaptations, but still fully remaining finches. These are Micro-adaptations, which are kinds bringing forth after their own kind.

This is an observable scientific fact and millions of examples could be shown. It is important for people to understand this because at least ten times in the Book of Genesis we are told that plants and/or animals will bring forth after their kind, and this is exactly what real science proves to be true.

Everyone needs to clearly understand this so they can choose what to believe.

Russ Miller is author of The GENESIS Report Series. Register at http://www.new-earth-thought.com to receive FREE his 50 Facts vs. Darwinism e-mail series.

Posted under Privacy by genesisman on Saturday 6 September 2008 at 12:00 am

White House quarrels with Woodward

White House releases 700-word statement charging him with distorting the effectiveness of the surge.
Posted under Featured News by carhub on Friday 5 September 2008 at 11:52 pm

Race tightens after Palin speech

New polling shows that the presidential race has tightened since Sarah Palin delivered her VP speech.
Posted under Featured News by carhub on Friday 5 September 2008 at 10:27 pm

Refinance Home Loan Associated Costs and Fees That Will Shock You

Refinance home loan, just like the first home loan that you acquired, requires a list of fees and costs to consider and pay. And while the total cost of the fees seem a lot, they actually are considered to be less compared to the fees paid during the first home loan lending.

Refinance home loan: Costs discovered

Many individuals who refinance home loan can be surprised that as they go through the process, they discovered the many different costs associated with it. One reason why is because they tend to forget that to refinance home loan is like reliving your first loan application.

Refinance Home Loan Costs

You might not be aware of this fact, but when you are dealing with home loan refinancing costs, you are obliged to pay at least three percent of the remaining balance of the principal.

This figure might sound like it’sa lot, however, it actually is even less that what you paid for when you first acquired your home loan – it’s just like experiencing the loan application again.

Indeed there are many loan fees that you will be required to pay. Such fees actually vary from state to state. There are also differences when dealing from one lender to another. Do you know that some of the home loan fees are just 15 to 20 dollars in one area, while in a different location, they can be as high as 100 dollars?

The most common refinance home loan fees are the following:

1. Appraisal fee

2. Application fee

3. Review fees

4. Home owner’s hazard insurance

Additional Fees That You Should Be Aware About

Apart from these fees, you will likewise be paying for other additional fees such as home inspection fees, title insurance and title search, loan origination fees and mortgage insurance. Once you sum up all these fees, you are definitely looking at a figure that will run up to a thousand dollars or more. However the true amount will be dependent on the type of refinance home loan that you will apply for. It also largely depends on the loan principal amount left.

One important fee that many people ignore when to refinance home loan are the pre payment penalties, which are associated when calculating the home refinance cost and expenses.

There are instances when you are fortunate not to be burdened with such fees. However, there are actually many loans that have these pre payment penalties written in order for them to receive payment once you decide that you want to pay off the home loan sooner or if you have opted to refinance home loan.

Can Certain Fees Be Waived?

Sometimes some of the fees might be waived by your lending agent or company; it is just a matter of requesting them for such favor. Indeed, there are many borrowers who are not aware of the fact that lenders are more than willing to waiving loan fees, or at least reduce them significantly, in order to accommodate more clients by making refinance home loan costs more affordable.

Use the website found at http://www.homemortgageloan-refinance.com/Bad-Credit-Home-Loan-Refinance.php for the best information to Refinance Home Loan . Here you can gain information, follow additional links and learn methods and procedures about the subject of lending.

Posted under Finances by JulianLim on Friday 5 September 2008 at 8:45 pm

McCain ties may upset abortion foes

Cindy McCain holds investment in two Ariz. buildings that rent space to genetic testing companies.
Posted under Featured News by carhub on Friday 5 September 2008 at 7:53 pm

Clinton set to strike McCain, not Palin

Hillary Rodham Clinton has no intention of becoming a Sarah Palin attack dog.
Posted under Featured News by carhub on Friday 5 September 2008 at 7:39 pm

Nursing Interventions in the Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder

Diagnosis Bipolar Disorder: “Bipolar disorder is a severe biologic illness characterized by recurrent fluctuations in mood. Typically, patients experience alternating episodes in which mood is abnormally elevated or abnormally depressed-separated by periods in which mood is relatively normal.” (Lehne, 2004, p. 321)

The following is a short synopsis according to the DSM-IV-TR, “Criteria for Bipolar Disorder” includes a distinct period of abnormality and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least:

- 4 days for hypomania

- week for mania

During the period of mood disturbance, at least three or more of the following symptoms have persisted and have been present to a significant degree:

- Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity

- Decreased need for sleep

- More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking

- Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences.” (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000).

Psychodynamics of the Disease The onset of the disease usually occurs during late adolescence or in the mid twenties. However, the disease has been known to occur up into the fifth decade of life. The mood swings that accompany this disorder are of several types. They are as follows: the Pure Manic Episode, evidenced by hyperactivity, excessive enthusiasm, and flight of ideas, constant wakefulness without sleep,

Impairment in normal social functioning usually requiring hospitalization; Hypomanic Episode, evidenced by a milder form of the Pure Mania, without the loss of normal functioning that would require hospitalization; Major Depressive Episode, characterized by depressed mood consisting of symptoms such as anhedonia, avolition, alogia, affective flattening and thoughts of suicide and death; the last episode associated with Bipolar disorders is the Mixed Episode in which, “patients experience symptoms of mania and depression simultaneously. The combination of high energy and depression puts them at significant risk of suicide.” (Lehne, 2004, p. 321)

Case Presentation

A Caucasian woman in her mid twenties presented signs and symptoms of self mutilation with a straight edge razor inflicted gash across her lower abdomen approximately six inches below the umbilicus. The depth of the gash just stopped at the abdominal fascia. The patient was sent from the emergency room to the psychiatric floor. Upon meeting the patient one day after her admission to ER, she appeared dressed in pajama bottoms and a t-shirt, shuffling down the hall in her socks. She was holding her abdomen with one hand and appeared in some discomfort. Her black hair was short and disheveled. When the patient arrived at her room she sat down on her bed. She acknowledged with blunted affect that she cannot stop self mutilation, and described how she cut herself through the muscles in her abdomen almost down to the fascia. Her voice was tremulous and fast paced. This could be due to the fact that she had just been given her first dose of Clozaril. She stated that her mouth was dry and that she needed to drink some water. She then went on to say that she was getting very sleepy. The client felt comfortable with the interview.

She shared personal information in regards to being sexually abused by her bother beginning at the age of seven until the age of fifteen. Her brother was two years older than her and died in an automobile accident at the age of eighteen. She went on to say that her mother never knew or acknowledged the sexual abuse and that she could not tell her because the mother idolized the son. The client was receptive to cognitive reframing; however she was very critical of herself and stated that she felt worthless and ashamed. She appeared very tired and stated that she wanted to sleep.

Table 1

Textbook characteristics of Bipolar disorder versus client characteristics observed

Textbook Characteristics:

Pure Manic Episode

Hypomanic Episode

Major Depressive Episode-

Affective Flattening

Alogia

Avolition-apathy

Anhedonia

Mixed Episode

Rapid-Cycling Bipolar Disorder- Patients experience four or Client

Characteristics Observed:

No current symptoms

Rapid breathing, rapid speech, however due to medication a client was concurrently exhibiting lethargy

Client acknowledged sadness/ worthlessness

Facial expression flat

Thoughts of dying, hard to focus

Hair/clothes unkempt

Expressed no interest in children or own

Client’s Symptoms

1. Hypomania

2. Depression

a.) Affective Flattening

b.) Alogia

c.) Avolition & Apathy

d.) Anhedonia

3. Mixed Episode

4. Rapid Cycling

(Varcarolis, 2004, p. 485)

Nursing Interventions

1. Observe the client every 15 minutes while suicidal, remove all dangerous, sharp objects from room.

2. Reinforce that she is worth while,

a.) Assist the client in evaluating the positive as well as the negative aspects of her life

b.) Encourage the appropriate expression of angry feelings.

c.) Schedule regular periods of time throughout the day for recreational/occupational therapy, encourage client to groom self, offer praise for completing grooming.

d.) Ensure client’s participation in taking mood stabilizing medications. Watch client swallow medication.

3. Engage client in interpersonal therapies, cognitive-behavioral therapy,

4. Encourage client to attend group therapy, and journal episodes.

Table 2

Medical Interventions, Bipolar Disorder

Drug therapy using

Mood stabilizer

Antidepressants

Antipsychotics

Education and Psychotherapy

ECT

(Varcarolis, 2002, p. 483)

Clients Medical Interventions

Drug therapy includes

Lithium 300mg every hs

Not taking any Clozaril

Client is receiving psychotherapy, family counseling, group therapy while in hospital, and cognitive restructuring.

None

References

Lehne, R. (2004). Pharmacology for Nursing Care. Missouri: Saunders

Varcarolis, E. (2002). Foundations of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing: A Clinical Approach. Pennsylvania: Saunders

Visit us at The Nursing Entrance Test Study Guide for more information.

Pass the Nursing Entrance Test the first time with our guide at Nurses Learning Center . Written by a Professor of Education for nurses, the guide has over 600 pages with details answers to every question.

Posted under Education by ROBYNKNAPP on Friday 5 September 2008 at 7:39 pm

Nursing Scholarships Introduction

Are you considering a career in nursing? Before you begin you need to check out all of the wonderful scholarships available. You may not consider yourself eligible, but you will be surprised to find that there are nursing scholarships out there that are just for you. When considering a career in nursing, most of seek out financial aid only to find the resulting funds are usually never sufficient. This is the reason that scholarships were created. You have a specific ethnicity that predisposes you to a number of scholarships. Many people wonder if you get a nursing scholarship, can you apply for another. The answer is yes, you can apply for as many scholarships as you want. Whether or not you will get them depends on a number of factors. Some of which are, have you filled out the proper forms, submitted the correct documents, and have the necessary qualifications. These are all factors which must be looked at carefully when applying for a nursing scholarship. If you follow to the letter all of the requirements then you should have no trouble obtaining a scholarship for nursing school.

Cost is another factor. Sometimes, even with the maximum amount of financial aid, this includes loans as well, the money falls short of what’s actually needed for tuition and books. Scholarships can cover the bulk of these expenses. Another consideration is the college or university that you plan to attend. A private university credit hour can be up to five times that of a community college. If you are considering attending a university, then you are probably going for a Bachelors of Science in Nursing. This is commendable. However, many accredited community colleges offer excellent two year nursing programs leading to a ADN or Associate Degreed Nurse. Upon finishing at the community college, many hospitals will pay your tuition to finish your bachelors degree. Also, there are programs that allow the Associate Degreed Nurse to go straight for their Master in Nursing. These are very attractive alternatives to spending a lot of money for a four year Bachelor of Science in Nursing. It is important to weigh the alternatives and to be knowledgeable about other avenues that lead to a nursing degree. Generally speaking, most hospitals pay the same for a Associate Degreed Nurse as for a Bachelor of Science in Nursing. This may not seem fair to a lot of nursing that are going for their Bachelors Degree. The nursing description of each degree dictates the scope of practice for a nurse. Therefore the scope of practice for a Bachelors of Science in Nursing is different than an Associate Degree in Nursing. This is another option that the would be nurse should consider. For instance, for an Associate Degreed Nurse their main scope of practice if to give direct care to patients in a hospital care setting. For a Bachelor of Science in Nursing, their main scope of practice includes not only giving care in a hospital setting but to provide leadership, education to families as well as communities.

The point to be made from the above discussion is that the individual that is considering going into the field of nursing, should carefully consider the scope of practice that they hope to achieve when finishing a degree, and plan their financial aid and scholarships accordingly. This means that they must learn about the programs of various universities in their vicinity and surrounding area. Seeking the advice of the school’s nursing counselor should be an important part of deciding and determining which college or university is right for you. Only once you have made the decision on which schools offer the educational degree that you seek should you start to plan for financial aid and scholarships. This wise move is based on preventing one school from keeping your monies after you decided to go to another school. This can create a bit of a problem when college monies get held up in red tape.

So, in conclusion, whatever degree it is that you seek in nursing, remember that there is a wealth of financial aid and nursing scholarships to choose from.

Visit us at The Nursing Entrance Test Study Guide for more information.

Pass the Nursing Entrance Test the first time with our guide at Nurses Learning Center . Written by a Professor of Education for nurses, the guide has over 600 pages with details answers to every question.

Posted under Education by ROBYNKNAPP on Friday 5 September 2008 at 7:31 pm

Nursing Scholarship Types

Are you considering a nursing school scholarship? Great! Then, this is your first step to achieving your goal. Find out what types of scholarships are out there. The internet is a good place to start. The information highway is certainly a cornucopia of information. But be careful to review where certain websites get their information. Not everything you read on the internet is a fact. However, it is still a good place to begin to get a feeling for what types of scholarships are out there. Many people that are going into the nursing field are older than those who attended nursing school twenty or thirty years ago. With the older group of students, many feel that they just don’t qualify for scholarships. Actually the reverse is true. There are many scholarships out there for people that are older. Some scholarships are even bestowed on some just because of their age. This is indeed a wonderful country that we live in. The careful planner can certainly plan their finances for nursing school without having to pay anything back when they graduate, or very little if that. Before we look at some of the nursing scholarships that are out there, let us first look at the professional nursing organizations that participate in many of the scholarships offered, and serve as excellent reliable resources for the pre-student nurse, the student nurse, and the graduate nurse. Here is a list of the following nursing organizations, you may want to take some time later and look into the background of each of these organizations. You will find it very enlightening and encouraging.

You may not consider yourself eligible, but you will be surprised to find that there are nursing scholarships out there that are just for you. When considering a career in nursing, most of seek out financial aid only to find the resulting funds are usually never sufficient. This is the reason that scholarships were created. You have a specific ethnicity that predisposes you to a number of scholarships. Many people wonder if you get a nursing scholarship, can you apply for another. The answer is yes, you can apply for as many scholarships as you want. Whether or not you will get them depends on a number of factors. Some of which are, have you filled out the proper forms, submitted the correct documents, and have the necessary qualifications. These are all factors which must be looked at carefully when applying for a nursing scholarship. If you follow to the letter all of the requirements then you should have no trouble obtaining a scholarship for nursing school.

1. American Nurses Association or (ANA), is the nationally known professional organization for nurses in America. The functions of the American Nurses Association are many. Their goals are to foster high standards of practice, engage in lobbying in Congress and the House of Representatives on behalf of Nurses, to help pass laws that sustain and promote the respect, pay, retirement, benefits, responsibilities, and proper treatment of nurses in America. This is no small task. Which is why all nurses are encouraged to join the American Nurses Association. By doing so, each nurse is helping not only their own futures but futures of other nurses to come. The American Nurses Association also gives scholarships You may find them on the internet at their web address: http://www.ana.org You can find much up to date and reliable information on the nursing scholarships that are offered, as well as a lot of other pertinent information that will be useful in deciding on a career in nursing.

2. National Student Nurses Association, (NSNA)

This particular organization represents all nursing students from those in the Associate Degreed Nurse Program all the way to those Nurses who are obtaining their Doctorate in Philosophy. This is the type of nursing organization that is the grass roots of nursing organizations. What that means is, that the National Student Nurses Association is a integral part of the student nurses journey through nursing school. At every nursing school there will be flyers and on campus activities sponsored by the National Student Nurses Association. Be sure to look closely at all of the paper work on the desk for students in the nursing office, so you won’t miss the scholarships that this organization offers. The smell of fresh baked cookies and brownies are usually always a sight for sore eyes when walking into the nursing division. You can’t help but not see the large banner, entitled “National Student Nurses Associations Bake Sale”. It is these same bake sales that raise money for scholarships for those in need. Way to go NSNA. They also have a web site. Their web address is: http://www.nsna.org Check it out to find out about scholarships.

Here are a couple of other organizations that you might want to check out as well: 3. National League for Nursing

4. American Association of Colleges of Nursing

5. International Council of Nurses

6. Sigma Theta Tau International

7. Specialty Nursing Organizations

Visit us at The Nursing Entrance Test Study Guide for more information.

Pass the Nursing Entrance Test the first time with our guide at Nurses Learning Center . Written by a Professor of Education for nurses, the guide has over 600 pages with details answers to every question.

Posted under Education by ROBYNKNAPP on Friday 5 September 2008 at 7:23 pm

Nursing Scholarship Sources

There are many scholarships available to any and all people that are going into the nursing profession. Some people don’t want to take the time to find out about scholarships for nursing school. Many believe that the monies that they receive from financial aid will be sufficient. Indeed, sometimes it is, that is if you also take the student loans that eventually have to be paid back. The payback period usually begins approximately six months following graduation from nursing school. But be careful, if you drop out of nursing school for any reason, and do not apply for a hardship extension, you will be liable to begin paying back the student loan, in spite of your circumstances. With scholarships, you do not have to pay them back, period! This is true even if you have to drop out of nursing school for a short period of time. There is another false hood that is widely accepted. That is, that one has to have a 3.0 grade point average or greater to be eligible to apply for a nursing school scholarship. Not true.

There are many factors that allow an individual to apply for a nursing school scholarship. Maybe your are a single mother living on government aid, there is a scholarship for you. Maybe you are of a low income bracket and have a particular ethnicity, there is a nursing school scholarship for you, maybe you just live in an area that is considered economically challenged, there is a nursing school scholarship for you. The list goes on and on.

Where do you begin to find out if there is a nursing scholarship available for you. Other than the internet, the best other place to begin is in your home town, at your place of worship, your place of employment and the schools that offer a nursing program. You will be surprised to find that there are scholarships out there just for being you! Many places of employment or large companies have foundations and wealthy founders that put monies into funds for scholarships. Maybe your parents worked at a company for most of their lives that now makes you eligible to obtain a scholarship. Automotive company founders offer scholarships. Even large supermarket chains offer scholarships for nursing school.

The main idea behind scholarships is to promote education in the community. So don’t ever feel that you are left out in the cold. It might be that you may run into a counselor that may not seem to have the time to do any research for you, but don’t let that discourage you. Sometimes when you are going after something that you really want, like a career in the nursing field, you have to take the reigns and be assertive. That means finding someone to help you, if someone else won’t. The point is, that there are people that are hired to help you find the scholarships for nursing school that best fit your needs. That does not mean that you shouldn’t do your own research as well. The chances of you finding some other scholarships for nursing school in addition to those found for you can only help not hurt. So, with that let’s take a look at some of the different nursing school scholarships out there.

Visit The Nursing Entrance Test Study Guide for detailed resources.

Pass the Nursing Entrance Test the first time with our guide at Nurses Learning Center . Written by a Professor of Education for nurses, the guide has over 600 pages with details answers to every question.

Posted under Education by ROBYNKNAPP on Friday 5 September 2008 at 7:19 pm

Nursing Scholarships Your Ethnic Roots

Have you ever considered finding out if you are eligible for a scholarship? If not, my advice to you is to try. Why? Well, for one, you would be surprised at how much money is actually out there for you. It is certainly worth the effort, instead of having to pay back school loans at a given interest rate for years to come. Remember, the most important thing about nursing school scholarships or scholarships in general is that they do not have to be paid back. They are given free to those who qualify. Do you think that you won’t qualify? Again, do give up. Chances are that you do qualify for a scholarship to nursing school. Some good resources to find out if there is a scholarship for you would be to visit the nursing school of your choice. There are counselors on staff that you can make an appointment to see, to find out about other nursing school scholarships that best fit your needs.

Nursing school scholarships abound, and are not only offered from diverse places and entities in America but are offered from other countries for those students going to school in America that have some type of affiliation with that particular country. One would be wise to get in touch with their ethnic roots. Whether you are a fifth generation American or a third generation Irish, there is a scholarship for you. It is also important to consult your local college or university of choice to find out if there may be others that fit your situation. Yes, you can have more than one scholarship for nursing school. Actually there is no limit to how many scholarships that you can get, as long as you qualify for the particular scholarship.

It is very important in considering a career in the nursing field to research scholarships that are available for nursing school. You will find many on the internet, but be careful of those that seem too good to be true. This article is written to help direct prospective nursing school students to the many resources that are available to them. There may seem to be a lot of reading, but it is well worth your time and effort. But before we begin with a list of important sites to help you, here is a wonderful true story of a woman who has been blind since birth. Her name is Melissa Resnick and she has always dreamed of becoming a nurse. Read this excerpt by Kathy Quan, you will find it awe inspiring. You know why? Because she has actually begun her studies as of 2005. The moral of the story is, if she can do it so can you.

Here is a list of some websites that may prove helpful in your search for information on nursing school scholarships:

www.afrotc.com/scholarships/hsschol/schools.php

www.nasa.org

www.ana.org

www.fafsa.gov

nursing.sdsu.edu/scholarships.php

aid.military.com/scholarship/search-for-scholarships.do

www.globalscholarship.net

www.uic.edu/nursing/programs/gep-admissions.shtml

http://www.butlercc.edu/fin_aid/index.cfm

Graham School of Nursing Scholarships and Awards

University of Michigan School of Nursing Homepage

Scholarship information for student nurses and nurses looking to further their education at http://About.com

John Hopkins Institutions Alumni and Friends

Yahoo’s directory provides information relating to the education and career opportunities available in the nursing field.

NurseWebSearch.Com Scholarship Information

NursingPower.Net Scholarship Information

US Department of Health and Human Services

National Student Nurses’ Association Promise of Nursing Scholarships

March of Dimes offers four $5,000 scholarships annually to registered nurses.

The above web sites can be accessed from their prospective addresses. Some of these web pages deal with foreign aid in the form of scholarships for students studying in America. You will notice that some of the sites deal with Israel, Czechoslovakia, Japan and several others. These were hard to find due to the hardships that the US government is placing on foreign immigrants on US soil. However, there are scholarships from foreign countries out there. Usually, with these types of foreign scholarships, the student must return to that country to practice in the field that they were trained for. However, this may be a plus for many foreign born students.

The key to all this is that one must search out where to find the scholarship that meets their qualifications. One more suggestion for the foreign born student is to contact their countries embassy within the United States to see if their country is offering nursing scholarships or scholarships for school in general. There are also books that you can check out in your local library that will help you find scholarships. So much of what is actually out there is not published on the internet, so don’t get caught up in the ads with a lot of flash and promise. Nursing is a difficult but very rewarding career. Anyone who is truly interested in pursuing a nursing career will find a way.

Visit us at The Nursing Entrance Test Study Guide for more information.

Pass the Nursing Entrance Test the first time with our guide at Nurses Learning Center . Written by a Professor of Education for nurses, the guide has over 600 pages with details answers to every question.

Posted under Education by ROBYNKNAPP on Friday 5 September 2008 at 7:13 pm

Nursing Scholarships For Men

OK men, it’s your turn. Take the nursing field and run with it. First of all congratulations and salutations to all men entering the nursing field. It is about time, thank you. With that said, how about finding some scholarships to help you achieve your goals. Yes, there are scholarships out there just for you gentlemen. Take advantage of them. Nursing school is a whole other ball field now that men have entered into it full swing. As most of you know, it is not a pretty sight.

Many of the nursing instructors have been holding their own as women for quite sometime. I really don’t think they had planned to see so many men in the field. So What! Right? Wrong. I realize that it is an uphill battle sometimes. The mind and mentality of a nursing student with respect to their instructor is not much different than the humility that the student must show his Samurai Sensi, as he backs up to leave the room never turning his back out of respect for his teacher. Yeah, I know, corny, but hey you have to know how to roll with the punches. Sometimes that doesn’t even work. However men, hang in there. You will make it, and be good nurses, no, great nurses you will be.

Up to this point, I hope that I have not shaken, not stirred those men who are contemplating going into the nursing field. From my own personal experience as a second year nurse with only fifteen weeks left to go, all I can say is that the male nursing students are intelligent, kind, patient and all around very pleasant to be with. Albeit there are not many men in our clinical but those who are do fantastic. So, with that let’s get down to business and get those scholarships for nursing school. Where to go? Well, there is an excellent scholarship for men going into the nursing field called, The American Assembly for. Men in Nursing. You can find out more about what they have to offer by going to their web site at: http://www.aamn.org/aamnfoundationscholarships.htm

That is not the only nursing school scholarship that you can or should apply for. Your sex has nothing to do with nursing school scholarships. The key is to apply, apply and apply. Get as many as you can. If any of you are veterans, then you must already know that you have some excellent scholarships available. Just like the nursing school scholarships for women who are the sole head of household and bread winners, so too can men apply for the same scholarships.

Balancing a family, job and nursing school is no easy feat. The more time that you devote to nursing school the better off you will be. Studying the nursing texts are not the same as taking pre-requisites. Those texts are the big guns and you need time. So, don’t hesitate in applying for as many grants as you can qualify for. Always go to your school of choice to determine what types of grants and nursing school scholarships are available. Then go online to see what else you may qualify for. Many web sites have toll free numbers that you can call. Just don’t get caught up in the free money traps. Those flashy ads won’t get you anywhere but in debt. Also, ask around. I have found that the more you communicate with other students in the nursing field the better informed you will be. It is surprising to find out that no matter how much you think you were able to dig up on scholarships, there is always that someone that found another one. So be sure to ask. There are many nursing forums online. These are an excellent way to give and take information. Let’s face it, there are not enough nurses, so the more that join the field the better. Best Wishes in your careers.

Visit us at The Nursing Entrance Test Study Guide for more information/

Pass the Nursing Entrance Test the first time with our guide at Nurses Learning Center . Written by a Professor of Education for nurses, the guide has over 600 pages with details answers to every question.

Posted under Education by ROBYNKNAPP on Friday 5 September 2008 at 7:06 pm

Continuing Nursing Competency

For those student nurses who are about to graduate, their main priority is to pass the NCLEX-RN examination. The practice of nursing is regulated according to licensing authorities in each state jurisdiction.

Each jurisdiction must ensure that each nurse has the minimum competency to practice nursing in their state. In order to ensure such requirements, the National Council of State Boards of Nurses, Inc.

(NCSBN) has developed a comprehensive examination entitled, National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN). The NCLEX test plan occurs in several steps. The first step is to conduct a practice analysis. This is used to collect data on the practice of entry level nurses. By collecting this data the board can design NCLEX test questions that will be applicable to the majority of graduate nurses.

For instance, it has been found that the majority of new graduate nurses find work on medical/surgical units. The majority of the new graduates surveyed also indicated their primary responsibility was in the delivery of direct patient care. (1) Therefore, questions regarding the care of patients on medical/surgical units is pertinent and important for graduate nurses to know. Although some graduate nurses will tell you that they had more questions on psychiatric nursing or maternity nursing on the NCLEX, this is not the norm.

Six thousand or more newly licensed registered nurses are asked about the frequency and priority of performing more than one hundred and fifty care activities. These activities are analyzed in relation to the impact on patient care, safety and client settings where they are performed. It is in this framework that NCLEX test questions are designed to be applicable in real world settings, thus requiring graduate nurses to be knowledgeable of such practices.

The second step in the NCLEX test plan is to develop a method to test behaviors regarding the content formed in step one. The NCLEX-RN, Test Plan, provides a focused summary of the concepts to be tested. It serves not only to delineate what content to cover and the method of presenting the test questions but also serves to assist in developing a study guide in preparing those who will take the test. The NCLEX assesses the graduate nurse’s knowledge of required skills to practice nursing safely and competently.

Beliefs about people and nursing underlie the NCLEX-RN test plan. People are finite beings with varying capacities to function in society. (2) Each person is a unique and special individual existing in a system that they exert some control over, such as their beliefs, social systems, family systems, health customs. It is in this underlying theory of each individuals beliefs that the nursing process guides in the intervention to promote psychological and physical wellness.

Nursing is an art as much as it is a science, founded on a scientific body of knowledge that has been tested and proven effective in meeting the goals of each individual. The cognitive learning domain is a integral part of the NCLEX test plan. The use of Bloom’s taxonomy is the basis for writing and coding items (Bloom,e tal.,1956: Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001) Since the practice of nursing requires application or higher levels of cognitive ability, it becomes imperative to test graduate nurses complex and abstract reasoning.

The framework of Client Needs was selected for the NCLEX due to its all encompassing body of nursing knowledge that must be applied to successfully meet these needs. There are four distinct categories of Client Needs that are integrated into the exam, with two of the four categories subdivided to more adequately cover all subject matter. The categories are as follows:

A. Safe and Effective Care Environment

1. Management of Care

2. Safety and infection control

B. Promotion and Maintenance

C. Psychosocial Integrity

D. Physiological Integrity

1. Basic Care and Comfort

2. Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 3. Reduction of Risk Potential 4. Physiological Adaptation

Integrated concepts and processes are fundamental to the nursing practice and are applied to the various and categories of client needs.

These integrated concepts are as follows:

A. The nursing process- a scientific problem solving approach to client care that includes, assessment, analysis, planning, implementation and evaluation.

B. Caring- interaction between the nurse and client that provides for a nurturing, positive, and helpful environment whereby the client feels special and important knowing that the relationship that develops between themselves and the nurse will provide the needed assistance in their achieving a higher level of psychological and physical wellness.

C. Communication and Documentation- verbal and or nonverbal interactions between the nurse and client, significant others and multidisciplinary health teams. Validation either through written and or electronic entry which reflects that what has been done is documented and is within the scope of the nurses educational and licensure level as well as meeting the policies of the hospital or other client care environment.

D. Teaching-Learning- facilitating the acquirement of further knowledge which will lead to a more informed and skilled nurse with the application of the newly learned material.

The distribution of content and the percentage of test questions assigned to each Client Needs subcategory in the NCLEX test plan is based on the results of the Report of Finding from the 2005 RN Practice

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Posted under Education by ROBYNKNAPP on Friday 5 September 2008 at 6:59 pm

Palin’s cold shoulder

She has a history of abruptly cutting off those who offend her sensibilities.
Posted under Featured News by carhub on Friday 5 September 2008 at 5:21 pm

Politicians Put the Car Into CO2

Car manufacturers are not yet meeting European Union targets on fuel efficiency and lower carbon dioxide emission on the majority of their new models, according to environmental campaigners. A pan-European lobby group, Transport and Environment (T and E), has called the industry out for fighting against current EU legislation and, even more worryingly, proposed future limits.

Car travel contributes a large chuck of Europe’s C02 limits, with individual car journeys being one of the most straight forward areas that people can address if they wish to reduce their carbon footprint. Carbon emissions, despite increased public awareness on the issue of climate change, have continued to rise across the EU. Britain looks likely to meet its Kyoto targets, however emissions from aviation and shipping, as well as other forms of transport, are not including in this carbon balance sheet, a fact which leaves a bitter taste in the mouths of many environmental campaigners.

In fact, transport in the EU was responsible for just under 30% of all emissions in 2006, an increase of 35% on 1990’s level. The assumption that car manufacturers, consumers and politicians, in being well informed about climate change, will naturally act to reduce emissions is clearly wayward. Transport and the Environment highlight the fact that the 14 biggest car manufacturers in the EU still have to reduce engine emissions by 17% to reach the EU’s 2012 targets.

Transport and Environment’s report does not place responsibility solely at the door of the giant motor industry. It also found that car buyers were unwilling, as yet, to take the effort into leaving behind their penchant for gas guzzling past models in favour of low-emission, more environmentally friendly vehicles. A change in consumer culture would surely drive a response from the manufactures, who are, after all, as eager to meet the most up-to-date aspirations of their target demographic.

With motor magazines and television programmes still dominated by an outmoded, puerile appetence for speedy and sex y cars, it seems unlikely that this change in culture is anywhere close to arriving.

The fact that many car adverts now tout their emissions levels gives some cause for hope, as it suggests that, at the very least, people are aware of the environmental issues that are so inherent with driving.

Whilst consumers are currently left to their own free will when considering their next car purchase, the manufactures are, in theory, being forced to alter the carbon emissions of their current models thanks to EU legislation, legislation that is expected to become more stringent in the immediate future.

The German manufacturer BMW was identified by the report as having made an effective step toward the goal of reducing the negative impacts that their cars have. In 2007 the manufacturer managed to cut the emissions of its entire fleet by just over 7%, through an engineering process designed to reduce carbon emissions.

Overall though the German car industry has been one of the most vocally opposed groups to influence its domestic politicians. Thanks to intensive lobbying Agela Merkel, their chancellor, has made a compromise with Nicolas Sarkozy, the French president, to reduce the penalties that car manufacturers will incur if they break the legislation. They also discredited the need for immediate efforts to be made to halt climate change by phasing in, rather than just introducing, target emissions, proof, if proof were needed, that politicians and businesspeople should be kept as far apart as gunpowder and naked flames.

Matt Gammie is a writer for Ecoswitch

Posted under politics by MattGammie on Friday 5 September 2008 at 5:12 pm

Olympic Aftermath - Beijing, China, And the Environment

With the post-Olympic headlines understandably focused on the sporting achievements of the likes of Usain Bolt and his domination of the sprint events, or team GB’s new record gold medal tally, it is perhaps expected that that which dominated media coverage before the event - the environmental policy of Beijing - has fallen temporarily to the sidelines.

But talk before and during the games signaled Beijing as a particularly special Olympics because of the political resonance of the event; the various political divisions that many see as characterising China as a nation state, including their human rights record, their dominance in trade, and their continuing commitment to the ‘One Party State’. Indeed it has been difficult over the last year to avoid discussion of the integrity of Beijing and the Chinese government, and whether their domestic and international policies represent a nation that was worthy of holding an international event with the stature of the Olympics.

That argument manifested itself quite cogently in the months before the event, in the coverage of the nation’s environmental efforts, mostly because journalists could make an obvious connection between Chinese national policy and the health of the Olympic athletes, rendering the broader political interest in the games as directly relative to the sport itself.

Armed with the humanist metaphor of the Olympic games and its association with fairness, equality of opportunity and the quest for human excellence, the world’s media set about a deconstruction of China’s ideologies and intentions, using the environment as its motif; the most fashionable topics on the planet, CO2 emissions, global warming, and climate change, were a fitting combination of concepts that could be used to attack a nation that many believe to be unethical on a number of fronts.

That began in earnest with discussions on the measures that Beijing had put in place since its Olympic bid in 2001, of which a majority of Western journalists deemed there were little; indeed many claim that it was only in the short term that China has made any difference to its environmental performance, when it closed hundreds of harmful factories and removed an estimated 1.5m cars from its roads.

Critics simply claimed that it was ‘too little, too late’, and used environmental policy as a case in point for what they believe to be China’s disregard for individual and national welfare, and the international community at large. For skeptics, it was a key battle that China had lost; they had not used the Olympics as a way to develop sustainable infrastructures for the improvement of the nation’s environment and ecosystems, just as it had not matched its successful Olympic bid with a more co-operative foreign or human rights policy, as critics argued they had shown over Tibet, of which there was much media coverage in the countdown to the games.

What Beijing 2008 has shown us, then, is that the environment is just as important as a concept as it is in reality; the importance of climate change, global warming and CO2 emissions to the media and the general public at large has grown so considerably that it is the chief political tool in the discussion, promotion and criticism of countries, companies and politicians.

That combination of the metaphorical and the actual is a powerful combination indeed.

Chris Woolfrey is an expert on Chinese domestic and foreign policy, and specializes in environmental issues . He writes for http://www.ecoswitch.com

Posted under politics by ChrisWoolfrey on Friday 5 September 2008 at 5:04 pm

International Wool Trade Shifts to Organic

Uruguay, which has a wool industry worth some $360 million and keeps around 60,000 people employed, is shifting the way it produces sheep hair in the attempts to counteract falling production levels, with a new focus on organic production methods. Tough the government ministry has said that this year’s shear, which begins this week, should bring in around 42 million kilos of wool, there have been warnings from both farmers and those inside the textile industry that rising costs, poor exchange rates, primarily against the weakened dollar, and exacting tax rebate system were all at risk of lowering production levels.

Against that backdrop one of the country’s leading wool and textile dealers, Pedro Otegui, has outlined his vision of the country’s wool industry as one where a shift toward the increasingly popular organic method of production will secure continued trade. In addition, he stated that the World’s growing population – which is expected to be over one and a half billion people in the next twenty-five years – will ensure that there remains a large enough wool market for Uruguay to continue profitably exporting wool and textiles.

“We know some farms are already moving towards the organic certification process, so we estimate that not too long from now, we should be able to supply the world Uruguayan wool stamped with the organic seal,” Otegui said.

Even though the size of the sheep flock in Uruguay has fallen dramatically in the last couple of years – from around 26 million then to 10 million today- there is wide scale belief that the country can see its industry through by promoting organic wool, which it feels is a relevant product for international buyers who wish to endorse sustainable and animal cruelty-free methods of farming.

There are large fears over Australia’s $2.9 billion a year wool industry over the country’s lack of speed in keeping abreast of their consumers concerns over ethical farming practices. Mulesing, the practice of cutting the skin off of the hindquarters of Merino sheep to prevent fly larvae infestations . The practice has been condemned by animal rights campaigners, who argue that it is unnecessarily cruel, despite the fact that the infestations can be fatal.

The wool industry has had to change in Australia, with a new focus on providing higher quality, ethically sourced material. It is this kind of change that farmers and textile manufacturers in Uruguay see as crucial for the sustained existence of their industry. As of July this year Australian sheep farmers have had to separate wool produced using mulesing at their auctions. A large reason for this is that the companies buying the wool became aware of their customer’s desire to avoid the practice. In 2004 Abercrombie and Fitch banned the use of mulesing wool in it’s clothing. Hugo Boss, Timberland, Victoria’s Secret and most recently Hennes and Mauritz (H and M) have all followed suit.

The actions of these huge companies have placed unmulesed wool at a ten percent premium over its mulesed counterpart and show the insight of the Uruguayan industry in realising that their future success is reliant on recognising and anticipating consumer concerns, such as the currently dominant concerns over animal welfare and organic products, and responding accordingly.

Matt Gammie is a writer for Ecoswitch

Posted under World Affairs by MattGammie on Friday 5 September 2008 at 4:59 pm

World Environmental Policy and the Performance of Mega Cities